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Hindsight bias 후견편향, 우리는 늘 알고 있다고 믿는다지

by rubyjin 2023. 5. 16.

Hindsight bias, also known as the "I-knew-it-all along" phenomenon, refers to the tendency of people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable or foreseeable than they actually were before they happened. In other words, after learning about an outcome, individuals tend to believe that they knew or should have known that the outcome was going to happen, even when they had no or limited knowledge or information about it beforehand.

Hindsight bias often involves the distortion of memory and judgment. When people experience hindsight bias, they tend to reconstruct their memories of past events to align with the outcome they now know, leading them to believe that they had accurate predictions or expectations all along.

This bias can be attributed to several cognitive processes. One factor is the "cognitive dissonance" theory, which suggests that individuals experience discomfort or tension when their beliefs or knowledge contradict each other. To reduce this discomfort, people may unconsciously alter their recollection of past events to make it consistent with the outcome.

Additionally, hindsight bias can be influenced by the availability heuristic, which is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples or information that come to mind when making judgments. Once people learn about the outcome, they may recall information or events that support their perception of the outcome as predictable, while neglecting or downplaying other information that suggests otherwise.

Hindsight bias has important implications in various domains, including psychology, law, and decision-making. In psychology, it can affect how individuals interpret their own or others' behaviors, potentially leading to inaccurate judgments about intentions or motives. In legal contexts, hindsight bias can influence jurors' assessments of whether an individual should have foreseen certain events or actions. In decision-making, this bias can hinder the evaluation of past decisions and prevent individuals from learning from their mistakes or recognizing the inherent uncertainties and complexities involved in decision-making.

Being aware of hindsight bias is crucial, as it can help individuals make more accurate judgments and avoid overestimating their own predictive abilities. By recognizing that events often appear more predictable after the fact, people can approach decision-making and evaluation of past events with a more realistic and nuanced perspective.

 

 

 

사후확신 편향(hindsight bias)은 "전부 알고 있었다(I-knew-it-all-along)" 현상으로도 알려져 있으며, 사람들이 이미 발생한 사건을 실제로 발생하기 전보다 더 예측 가능하거나 예측 가능한 것으로 인식하는 경향을 말합니다. 즉, 결과에 대해 학습한 후 개인은 사전에 그에 대한 지식이나 정보가 없거나 제한적일지라도 결과가 발생할 것이라는 것을 알았거나 알았어야 했다고 믿는 경향이 있습니다.


사후 확신 편향은 종종 기억과 판단의 왜곡을 수반합니다. 사람들이 후확견 편향을 경험할 때, 그들은 현재 알고 있는 결과와 일치하도록 과거 사건에 대한 기억을 재구성하는 경향이 있으며, 그 결과 처음부터 정확한 예측이나 기대가 있었다고 믿게 됩니다.


이 편향은 몇 가지 인지 과정에 기인할 수 있습니다. 한 요인은 개인이 자신의 신념이나 지식이 서로 모순될 때 불편함이나 긴장을 경험한다고 제안하는 "인지 부조화" 이론입니다. 이러한 불편함을 줄이기 위해 사람들은 과거 사건에 대한 기억을 무의식적으로 변경하여 결과와 일치하도록 만들 수 있습니다.


또한 사후 확신 편향은 판단을 내릴 때 떠오르는 즉각적인 예나 정보에 의존하는 정신적 지름길인 가용성 휴리스틱의 영향을 받을 수 있습니다. 일단 사람들이 결과에 대해 알게 되면, 예측 가능한 결과에 대한 인식을 뒷받침하는 정보나 사건을 기억하는 반면, 달리 암시하는 다른 정보는 무시하거나 경시할 수 있습니다.


Hindsight Bias는 심리학, 법률 및 의사 결정을 포함한 다양한 영역에서 중요한 의미를 갖습니다. 심리학에서는 개인이 자신이나 타인의 행동을 해석하는 방식에 영향을 미쳐 잠재적으로 의도나 동기에 대해 부정확한 판단을 내릴 수 있습니다. 법적 맥락에서 사후 확신 편향은 개인이 특정 사건이나 행동을 예견했어야 했는지 여부에 대한 배심원의 평가에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 의사 결정에서 이러한 편향은 과거 결정에 대한 평가를 방해하고 개인이 실수로부터 배우거나 의사 결정에 내재된 불확실성과 복잡성을 인식하지 못하게 할 수 있습니다.


사후 확신 편향을 인식하는 것은 개인이 보다 정확한 판단을 내리고 자신의 예측 능력을 과대평가하는 것을 방지하는 데 도움이 되므로 매우 중요합니다. 사실 이후에 사건이 더 예측 가능해 보인다는 사실을 인식함으로써 사람들은 보다 현실적이고 미묘한 관점에서 과거 사건에 대한 의사 결정 및 평가에 접근할 수 있습니다.

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